Cognitive  Distortion

 

인지 치료 (Cognitive therapy) 에서는 부정적인 생각을 하게하고 부정적인 감정을 하게하는 10 가지의 인지 왜곡 (cognitive distortions) 을 구분한다. 이러한 왜곡과 부정적인 생각을 제거하면 우울증과 만성불안 같은 마음의 질병을 개선할수 있다. 이러한 왜곡을 부정하도록 학습하는 과정을 인지 재구성 (cognitive restructuring) 이라고 한다.

  1. All-or-nothing thinking - thinking of things in absolute terms, like "always", "every" or "never". Few aspects of human behavior are so absolute. (See false dilemma).
  2. Overgeneralization - taking isolated cases and using them to make wide, usually self-deprecating generalizations. (See hasty generalization).
  3. Mental filter - Focusing exclusively on certain, usually negative or upsetting, aspects of something while ignoring the rest, like a tiny imperfection in a piece of clothing. (See misleading vividness).
  4. Disqualifying the positive - continually "shooting down" positive experiences for arbitrary, ad hoc reasons. (See special pleading).
  5. Jumping to conclusions - assuming something negative where there is actually no evidence to support it. Two specific subtypes are also identified:
  6. Magnification and Minimization - exaggerating negatives and understating positives. Often the positive characteristics of other people are exaggerated and negatives understated. There is one subtype of magnification:
  7. Emotional reasoning - making decisions and arguments based on how you feel rather than objective reality. (See appeal to consequences).
  8. Making should statements - concentrating on what you think "should" or ought to be rather than the actual situation you are faced with. (See wishful thinking).
  9. Labelling - related to overgeneralization, explaining by naming. Rather than describing the specific behavior, you assign a label to someone or yourself that puts them in absolute and unalterable terms.
  10. Personalization (or attribution) - Assuming you or others directly caused things when that may not have been the case. (See illusion of control).     ....................... (Wikipedia : Cognitive distortion)

인지 편향 (Cognitive Bias)